Organic
- This one is simple. The stipulated conditions for organic wines are the same as those for organic foods. Namely, no chemical or artificial fertilizers or pesticides are used.
Biodynamic
- Like organic vineyards, biodynamic vineyards eschew pesticides and fertilizers. In addition, they take it a step further and engage in a set of farming practices that focus on the vineyard as a full ecosystem. The goal is for the entire farm or vineyard to be self-sustaining and farmed following the ecosystem's natural cycles. Biological diversity is a key component and at least 10% of farm acreage must be set aside as a preserve. Many of these farms keep animals whose manure is used to fertilize the soil. Some biodynamic farmers incorporate lunar cycles and astrological influence into their practices.
Sustainable
- A bit vague and all-encompassing. Both organic and biodynamic farmers are likely to consider themselves sustainable. In addition to the above, sustainable wineries may focus on energy efficiency or water conservation.
Natural
- While the first three groups look at how the grapes were farmed, natural wine refers to how the grapes are processed. Natural wines are low-intervention wines. They tend to be hand picked, juiced without machines, and hand-pressed (rather than mechanically-pressed). These wines lack added acid, sugar, enzymes, or sulfites.